1. Barroso SM, Andrade VS, Oliveira NR. Escala Brasileira de Solidão: análises de resposta ao item e definição dos pontos de corte. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2016;65(1):76-81.
2. Barroso SM, Oliveira NR, Andrade VS. Solidão e depressão: relações com características pessoais e hábitos de vida em universitários. Psic Teor Pesq. 2019;35:1-12. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102.3772e35427.
3. Beutel ME, Klein EM, Brähler E, Reiner I, Jünger C, Michal M, Wiltink J, Wild PS, Münzel T, Lackner KJ, Tibubos AN. Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x. PMID: 28320380; PMCID: PMC5359916.
4. Ong AD, Uchino BN, Wethington E. Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis. Gerontology. 2016;62(4):443-9. doi: 10.1159/000441651. Epub 2015 Nov 6. PMID: 26539997; PMCID: PMC6162046.
5. Barreto M, van Breen J, Victor C, Hammond C, Eccles A, Richins MT, Qualter P. Exploring the nature and variation of the stigma associated with loneliness. J Soc Pers Relat. 2022;39(9):2658-79. doi: 10.1177/02654075221087190. Epub 2022 Apr 21. PMID: 35991527; PMCID: PMC9386761.
6. Bugallo-Carrera C, Dosil-Díaz C, Anido-Rifón L, Pacheco-Lorenzo M, Fernández-Iglesias MJ, Gandoy-Crego M. A systematic review evaluating loneliness assessment instruments in older adults. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1101462. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1101462. PMID: 37179898; PMCID: PMC10166865.
7. Cavalcanti KF, Mendes JMS, Freitas FFQ, Martins KP, Lima RJ, Macêdo PKG. O olhar da pessoa idosa sobre a solidão. Av Enferm. 2016;34(3):259-67.
8. Ferreira HG, Casemiro NV. Solidão em idosos e fatores associados. REFACS. 2021;9(1):90-8.
9. Lam JA, Murray ER, Yu KE, Ramsey M, Nguyen TT, Mishra J, et al. Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;46(11):1873-87. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-01058-7. Epub 2021 Jul 6. PMID: 34230607; PMCID: PMC8258736.
10. Azeredo ZAS, Afonso MAN. Solidão na perspectiva do idoso. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontol. 2016;19(2):313-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-98232016019.150085.
11. Weinstein N, Hansen H, Nguyen TV. Definitions of solitude in everyday life. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2023;49(12):1663-78. doi: 10.1177/01461672221115941. Epub 2022 Sep 3. PMID: 36062325; PMCID: PMC10637102.
12. Nguyen TVT, Weinstein N. (2021). The possibilities of aloneness and solitude: developing an understanding framed through the lens of human motivation and needs. In Coplan RJ, Bowker JC, Nelsons LJ (Eds.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 224–239). Wiley.
13. Office of the Surgeon General (OSG). Our epidemic of loneliness and isolation: the U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory on the healing effects of social connection and community [Internet]. Washington (DC): US Department of Health and Human Services; 2023–. PMID: 37792968.
14. Flowers L, Houser A, Noel-Miller C, AARP Public Policy Institue, Shaw J, Bhattacharya J, et al. Medicare spends more on socially isolated older americans. Washington, D.C.: AARP Public Policy Institute; 2017.
15. Guay F, Boivin M, Hodges EVE. Predicting change in academic achievement: a model of peer experiences and self-system processes. J Educ Psychol. 1999;91:105-15.
16. Maher BM, Hynes H, Sweeney C, Khashan AS, O´Rourke, Doran K, et al. Medical school attrition-beyond the statistics a ten year retrospective study. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13(1):13.
17. Bowers A, Wu J, Lustig S, Nemecek D. Loneliness influences avoidable absenteeism and turnover intention reported by adult workers in the United States. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance. 2022;9(2):312-35.
18. Ozcelik H, Barsade SG. No employee an island: workplace loneliness and job performance. Acad Manag J. 2018;61(6):2343-66.
19. United States Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Surgeon General’s Framework for Workplace Mental Health and Well-being. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the U.S. Surgeon General; 2022.
20. National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (NASEM). Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: opportunities for the health care system. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2020.
21. Holt-Lunstad J, Robles TF, Sbarra DA. Advancing social connection as a public health priority in the United States. Am Psychol. 2017;72(6):517-30.
22. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2015;10(2):227-37.
23. Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Ronzi S, Hanratty B. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. 2016;102(13):1009-16.
24. Mann F, Wang J, Pearce E, Ma R, Schlief M, Lloyd-Evans B, et al. Loneliness and the onset of new mental health problems in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2022;57(11):2161-78.
25. Penninkilampi R, Casey AN, Singh MF, Brodaty H. The association between social engagement, loneliness, and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;66(4):1619-33.
26. Lazzari C, Rabottini M. COVID-19, loneliness, social isolation and risk of dementia in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relevant literature. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2021:1-12.
27. Cohen S. Psychosocial vulnerabilities to upper respiratory infectious illness: implications for susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020:1745691620942516.
28. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316. PMID: 20668659; PMCID: PMC2910600.
29. Gallup Inc., Meta. The State of Social Connections. Washington D.C.: Gallup Inc.; 2022.
30. Cigna Corporation. The loneliness epidemic persists: a post-pandemic look at the state of loneliness among U.S. Adults. 2021.
31. Bruce LD, Wu JS, Lustig SL, Russell DW, Nemecek DA. Loneliness in the United States: a 2018 national panel survey of demographic, structural, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics. Am J Health Promot. 2019;33(8):1123-33.
32. Shovestul B, Han J, Germine L, Dodell-Feder D. Risk factors for loneliness: the high relative importance of age versus other factors. PLOS ONE. 2020;15.
33. Office on Smoking and Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Current cigarette smoking among adults in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/ tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/ index.htm#:~:text=Cigarette%20smoking%20remains%20 the%20leading,about%201%20in%205%20deaths.&text=In%20 2020%2C%20nearly%2013%20of,12.5%25)%20currently*%20 smoked%20cigarettes. Published 2022. Accessed April 2023.
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of both diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statisticsreport/diagnosed-undiagnosed-diabetes.html. Published 2022. Accessed April 2023.
35. Division of Nutrition Physical Activity and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Adult Obesity Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:// www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html. Published 2022. Accessed April 2023.
36. DiJulio B, Hamel L, Muñana C, Brodie M. Loneliness and social isolation in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan: an International Survey. 2018.
37. Manemann SM, Chamberlain AM, Roger VL, Griffin JM, Boyd CM, Cudjoe TKM, et al. Perceived social isolation and outcomes in patients with heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(11).
38. Gorji MH, Fatahian A, Farsavian A. The impact of perceived and objective social isolation on hospital readmission in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2019;60:27-36.
39. Harding BN, Hawley CN, Kalinowski J, Sims M, Muntner P, Young Mielcarek BA, et al. Relationship between social support and incident hypertension in the Jackson Heart Study: a cohort study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(3):e054812.
40. Yang YC, Boen C, Gerken K, Li T, Schorpp K, Harris KM. Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(3):578-83.
41. Cornwell EY, Waite LJ. Social network resources and management of hypertension. J Health Soc Behav. 2012;53(2):215-31.
42. de Wit M, Trief PM, Huber JW, Willaing I. State of the art: understanding and integration of the social context in diabetes care. Diabet Med. 2020;37(3):473-82.
43. Cohen S. Psychosocial vulnerabilities to upper respiratory infectious illness: implications for susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020:1745691620942516.
44. LeRoy AS, Murdock KW, Jaremka LM, Loya A, Fagundes CP. Loneliness predicts self-reported cold symptoms after a viral challenge. Health Psychol. 2017;36(5):512-20.
45. National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (NASEM). Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: opportunities for the health care system. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2020.
46. Lazzari C, Rabottini M. COVID-19, loneliness, social isolation and risk of dementia in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relevant literature. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2021:1-12.
47. Akhter-Khan SC, Tao Q, Ang TFA, Itchapurapu IS, Alosco ML, Mez J, et al. Associations of loneliness with risk of Alzheimer’s disease dementia in the Framingham Heart Study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. 2021;17(10):1619-27.
48. Donovan NJ, Wu Q, Rentz DM, Sperling RA, Marshall GA, Glymour MM. Loneliness, depression and cognitive function in older U.S. adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017;32(5):564-73.
49. Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson-Sweeney N, Reynolds S, Shafran R, Brigden A, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1218-39.e1213.
50. Shaw RJ, Cullen B, Graham N, Lyall DM, Mackay D, Okolie C, et al. Living alone, loneliness and lack of emotional support as predictors of suicide and selfharm: a nine-year follow up of the UK Biobank cohort. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:316-23a
